Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Determining the bearing capacity of the soil and its subsidence is one of the most important parameters that must be carefully evaluated when designing a safe foundation. In the present study, using a physical model, the behavior of the foundation located on sandy soil under static loading and the effect of various factors on soil behavior have been investigated. In this laboratory study, the effect of foundation width, sandy soil density and amount of overhead on strip foundation subsidence has been investigated. The soil material used in this study is poorly grained medium sand (SP). The foundation model has a width of 5, 7.5 and 10 cm and its length is 34 cm. The sand raining technique has been selected to obtain a homogeneous sample with a definite relative density and repeatability of laboratory conditions. The loading system is compressed air that has the ability to apply a uniform and static load. The relationship between the final relative settlement and the width of the foundations located on medium-density sandy soils is linear, and as the foundation width increases, the final relative settlement reaches less than its final ultimate bearing capacity. At the same pressure, the settlement of the foundation located on medium-density sandy soils is about 10 % higher than the foundation located on dense sandy soils. Soil behavior up to a pressure of about 50% of the final bearing capacity is linearly elastic. The pressure- settlement relationship of the strip foundation is linear up to about 5% of the foundation width. General shear failure occurs at a relative settlement of about 12 to 14%. For this reason, it is suggested to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the strip foundation located on sandy soil, the amount of pressure such as 12% .

The relative growth of the fiddler crab Uca sindensis in Pohl Port was studied. Ten 0.5 m2 quadrates were randomly sampled monthly during low tide periods from October 2009 to September 2010. A total of 840 crabs, 449 (53.45%) males and 391 (46.5%) females, were sampled. The Carapace width of males ranged from 5.5 to13.5 mm (mean±SD) (8.92±2.04), and of females from 5.0 to 11.5 mm (mean±SD) (7.95±1.34). Carapace height (CH) and Carapace length (CL), height of the major cheliped (HMC) of males, abdomen width of females (AW), major cheliped length (LMC), dactiluse (D), feeding cheliped (CHF) and merouse (M) were employed as dependent variables and carapace width (CW) as independent variable. The relationship between CW×CH was positive in males and females. The equation (Log CH=Log-4.881+4.681LogCW) for males (P<0.05) and Log CH=Log-1.882+3.299LogCW for females (P<0.05). The females showed allometric positive growth for CW×AW relation to male (Log AW=Log0.784+1.217Log CW) (P<0.05). Also four male crabs were found with two major cheliped in this study. Remarkable ontogenetic changes were observed in the allometric growth of the male major cheliped and the female abdomen, indicating that these structures are closely connected to the timing of sexual maturity. The allometric growth of U. sindensis in Pohl Port mangrove differed from other Uca populations so far studied, indicating that growth could have been influenced by environment variables such as food availability, population density, distribution of vegetation, sex ratio, soil temperature, organic matter, different of surface and sediment.

Esthetics is one of the prosthetic treatment goals. Correct selection of anterior teeth, regarding size and appearance, results in a successful treatment. The goal of the present research was to investigate the relationship between interzygomatic width and maxillary anterior teeth width in order to find a better determinant for artificial anterior teeth selection. In this study, the interzygomatic width and maxillary central incisors width and also the width of six maxillary anterior- teeth, in 71 subjects (29females and 42 males) were measured. The results showed a significant difference in maxillary anterior teeth width, comparing men and women, (P<0.05). These measurement in people under study, are less than Europeans. The interzygomatic width was also more in men than women (P<0.05), which is, less than of European race. The ratio between interzygomatic and central maxillary incisor width was 15:1 which is less than 16:1 that is used in clinic. Thus, it is recommended to pay more attention to anterior teeth selection, especially in young patients.

Background and Aim: Esthetics is one of the prosthetic treatment goals. Correct selection of anterior teeth, regarding size and appearance, results in a successful treatment. Using the extra oral indicators is a common method to determine the size of the tooth. In this study, the correlation between the facial widths (in bizygomatic and intercondylar areas) and the mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors was analyzed.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 qualified students, 50 females and 50 males. Two facial widths comprising Intercondylar width -distance between two approximately Beyron hinge axis- and bizygomatic width -two most convex points of zygomatic arch- were marked and measured by a facebow and a digital caliper. Mesiodistal maxillary central incisors’ widths were measured by a digital caliper. The collected data were analyzed via Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: The mesiodistal width of right central incisor was 8.47±0.56. The mesiodistal width of left central incisor was 8.54±0.64.The bizygomatic width was 126.15±6.74. The intercondylar width was 131.43±5.41. There was no correlation between bizygomatic width and central incisors (P>0.05) and a weak correlation between intercondylar width and central incisors in Iranian community.Conclusion: Facial width is not recommended as a suitable landmark for estimating the mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors.

In this paper, we consider the width invariant trapezoidal and triangular approximations of fuzzy numbers. The presented methods avoid the effortful computation of Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Theorem. Some properties of the new approximation methods are presented and the applicability of the methods is illustrated by examples. In addition, we show that the proposed approximations of fuzzy numbers preserve the expected value too.